About the Journal The Journal of Technological Sciences (JTS) (ISSN 2957-7446) is an open access journal published by Chinhoyi University of Technology. JTS is devoted exclusively to the latest research in the field of natural, life, engineering, material and applied sciences. Each issue brings you original, peer-reviewed research findings on these subjects with special emphasis on research studies that lean towards innovations, goods and services. The Journal's scope includes all aspects of pure and applied components of natural, life, engineering, material and applied sciences but with a special focus on studies that examine research problems that directly impact end users of research outputs such as industry, other production sectors, and other life and natural processes. The Journal publishes research papers, short communications and scientific notes as well as invited reviews. The Journal also includes reports of breakthrough innovations, models and pathways for scaling up innovations.
Exploring the Acaricidal Activity of Cissus quadrangularis against cattle ticks
Ticks pose a significant challenge in cattle production, leading to accelerated disease transmission and substantial economic losses. Chemical acaricides have limitations, including environmental pollution, inaffordability, and inavailability. Therefore, natural remedies are preferred by most rural farmers in developing countries like Zimbabwe. Cissus quadrangularis (C.quadrangularis) is one of the plants used traditionally for medicinal and ethnoveterinary purposes. The study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal activity of C. quadrangularis extract against cattle ticks. Randomised controlled trials were conducted on forty cattle infested with ticks. The experimental groups (n = 10) were treated with 1%, 3% and 5% C. quadrangularis extract, and the control group (n = 10) were treated with a placebo. The assessment was carried out over a 4–8-week baseline, whereby the extract or placebo was sprayed twice a week for 4 weeks and then weekly for the additional 4 weeks. Tick counts were performed at baseline (Week 0), 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. Compared to the placebo group, the experimental groups showed a reduction in tick counts at 4 weeks and 8 weeks, respectively. Bioassays (petri dish, tick climbing repellent and fingertip) were also done to evaluate the repellent effects of C.quadrangularis. The assays demonstrated acaricidal activity of C.quadrangularis against cattle ticks, offering a promising natural remedy for tick control that can be considered as an alternative to synthetic acaricides, and for inclusion in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) methods. Further studies are needed to determine and validate the bioactive compounds in C. quadrangularis that possess acaricidal activity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Moreblessing Dube, Samukeliso Ncube, Langalenkosi Mangena, Muyeudziri Magoho, Stephen Nyoni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Current status on the use of dairy products as carriers of probiotics in Africa
Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the use of probiotics in African fermented dairy products. Probiotics in dairy products have demonstrated valuable attributes, including improved organoleptic and health-promoting properties. Despite the growing popularity of probiotics in Africa, there remains limited documentation and research on their adoption and use in dairy products. This article systematically reviewed the current application of probiotics in African fermented dairy products, assessing their functional properties and suggesting potential research areas. A literature review encompassing online databases such as AGORA, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science identified 26 relevant studies. The analysis revealed that East Africa had the highest publication rate (42.31%), followed by Southern Africa (26.92%), West Africa (23.08%), and North Africa (7.69%). Identified dairy products include acid-alcoholic fermented milk, cheese, formula, kefir, sour milk, yoghurt, and other unnamed fermented products that contained probiotic bacteria which exhibited technological, health benefits or both functions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kudakwashe Chiwaya, Miss Tatenda Murefu, Augustine Mpofu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Modeling MODELING ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCE AREAS AS PREDICTORS OF AGRICULTURAL PERFORMANCE
This paper explores the effect of entrepreneurial competences on Agricultural Performance and provides a model to plug knowledge gaps in view of a continued decrease in the agro-sectorial contribution to the gross domestic product (GDP) in Zimbabwe. We sampled 384 farmers as the respondents. We analysed the data using the Spearman’s rank-order correlation to determine the relationship between the variables. The Spearman’s rank-order correlation showed that there was a strong, positive correlation (rs = 0.946, p <0.05). On the ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) the polynomial model of action significantly predicted agricultural performance, F (2, 381) = 1542.612, p <0.05. The positive beta weights showed that an increase in entrepreneurial competence also increased farmers’ agricultural performance. The study recommends that the Governments can implement an ‘agro-entrepreneurial framework’ which entails the training of farmers in entrepreneurial competences. This paper fills a knowledge gap due to limited research in entrepreneurial competences and agriculture. This then gives significance to theories and frameworks that underpin this study in asserting that entrepreneurial competences can work in synergy to induce better agricultural performance. The theoretical framework derived from this study is of interest to policy makers to help design an effective entrepreneurial farmer training strategy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jabez Moyo, Desderio Chavunduka, Prof Zororo Muranda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Predictive Spatio-Temporal Modelling of Urbanization Impacts on Wetlands in Monavale Vlei, Harare, Using Cellular Automata–Markov 2012–2022
Urbanization is a major driver of wetland ecosystems, especially in the rapidly growing city of Harare, Zimbabwe. Monavale Vlei, situated in the Manyame River sub-catchment, is an important component in maintaining ecological and hydrological balance for Harare. This paper uses the Cellular Automata–Markov (CA-Markov) model to evaluate past wetland change dynamics (2012-2022) and forecast future land use and land cover (LULC) change up to 2032. The results show extreme wetland change and conversion due to urban expansion, with water resources projected to decrease by 63.4%, forest cover by 14.9%, and built-up areas to expand by 11.5%. However, some forest recovery (31.2%) and further urban expansion (26.3%) are also expected. These projections confirm the imbalanced effects of urbanization, with its critical hydrological and ecological processes being disproportionately endangered. The results of this study indicate that urban sprawl not only affects biodiversity and groundwater recharge but also affects agricultural and livelihood processes, making the population more susceptible to waterborne diseases. This study stresses the need for urgent conservation and policy measures to address wetland degradation and ensure sustainable urban development in Harare.
Copyright (c) 2026 Francisca Kunedzimwe, Precious Chirandure https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
An investigation into the environmental factors influencing elephant poaching and poaching hotspots in RIFA, Hurungwe Safari Area, Mid- Zambezi Region, Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe.
This study investigates the environmental factors influencing elephant (Loxodonta Africana) poaching and poaching hotspots in RIFA, Hurungwe Safari Area, Mid- Zambezi Region, Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe. Using data collected during ranger patrols (local, extended, strategic and aerial patrols) and secondary data sources (reports) were also used from 2018 to 2022 for poaching statistics while elephant collar data was obtained from 09 collared matriarchs that were being monitored over the same period. The research also examines the elephant poaching hotspot, the relationship between elephant poaching and seasonal distribution, boundary, rivers, boreholes, roads and vegetation cover using Arcgis 10.3 tools. The results show a significant relationship between dry season elephant distribution and poaching of elephants, also a strong relationship between boundary, rivers and poaching of elephants and no relationship between roads, boreholes and poaching of elephants. The results also shows that the elephant poaching hotspots is in the north western of Rifa which is near to the mighty Zambezi River and also the boundary between Zambia and Zimbabwe. This study concludes that boundary, rivers and dry season as main drivers of elephant poaching in Rifa area. These finding highly recommends the wildlife managers to increase patrol in the North western area of Rifa and also increase the border patrols.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tichaona Danyere, Francisca Kunedzimwe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Proximate properties, tannin content and functional characteristics of selected pearl millet and finger millet varieties cultivated in Zimbabwe.
Pearl and finger millet grains are important climate-smart crops that are relatively underutilised in Zimbabwe. The objective of this study was to characterise the proximate, functional and tannin content of pearl (Okashana 1, PMV 2 and PMV 3) and finger millet (FMV 1 and FMV 2) varieties cultivated in Zimbabwe. Proximate analysis results were: moisture content 13.10 % (Okashana 1), 12.15 % (PMV 2), 13.43 % (PMV 3), 13.15 % (FMV 1) and 13.55 % (FMV 2); carbohydrate content was 65.57 % (Okashana 1), 69.23 % (PMV 2), 64.53 % (PMV 3), 72.57 % (FMV 1) and 69.91 % (FMV 2); crude protein of 9.81 % (Okashana 1), 7.29 % (PMV 2), 10.92 % (PMV 3), 5.98 % (FMV 1) and 9.14 % (FMV 2); crude fat content was 5.39 % (Okashana 1), 6.10 % (PMV 2), 5.97 % (PMV 3), 1.95 % (FMV 1) and 1.49 % (FMV 2); crude ash content of 2.93 % (Okashana 1), 2.13 % (PMV 2), 1.83 % (PMV 3), 2.95 % (FMV 1) and 2.36 % (FMV 2); and crude fibre content was 3.20% (Okashana 1), 3.10% (PMV 2), 3.30% (PMV 3), 3.40% (FMV 1) and 3.55% (FMV 2). The tannin content (catechin equivalent) of the grain varieties was 0.107 % (Okashana 1), 0.071 % (PMV 2), 0.020 % (PMV 3), 0.200 % (FMV 1) and 0.406 % (FMV 2). The functional properties results were: water absorption capacity 1.32 ml/g (Okashana 1), 1.21 ml/g (PMV 2), 1.26 ml/g (PMV 3), 1.34 ml/g (FMV 1) and 1.29 ml/g (FMV 2); oil absorption capacity 1.16 ml/g (Okashana 1), 1.35 ml/g (PMV 2), 1/17 ml/g (PMV 3), 1.17 ml/g (FMV 1) and 1.44 ml/g (FMV 2); and dispersibility of 73.33% (Okashana 1), 74.66 % (PMV 2), 75.33 % (PMV 3), 79.33 % (FMV 1) and 75.00 % (FMV 2). The millet varieties demonstrated potential to be utilized in developing food products that could help address food and nutritional security and the best varieties are PMV 3 and FMV 2.
Copyright (c) 2026 Godfrey; Sibongubuhle Ayanda Mafela, Talknice Zvamaziva Jombo, Tendai T Mutengwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
SPATIAL ASSESSMENT OF SOIL FERTILITY HETEROGENEITY FOR PRECISION NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN THREE SUB-HUMID SMALLHOLDER TOBACCO AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS OF ZIMBABWE.
Conventional fertilizer recommendations for tobacco production in Zimbabwe have historically emphasized NPK formulations based on blanket guidelines developed in the 1980s. However, changing soil fertility conditions, intensified cropping, and increasing yield demands require a reassessment of these standards. A survey of 165 farmers was conducted in three flue-cured tobacco-growing areas (Beatrice, Wedza, and Trelawney) and 291 soil samples were collected from these farmers for chemical analysis. Yield showed a significant positive linear relationship with both basal and nitrogen top-dressing fertilizer application rates, with maize being the predominant rotational crop. Soils across all sites were strongly acidic, with Beatrice recording a significantly lower pH (4.79) than Wedza (5.17) and Trelawney (5.23) (P ≤ 0.05). Initial mineral nitrogen (IMN) was significantly low in Beatrice and Wedza but adequate (>31 mg kg⁻¹) in Trelawney. Phosphorus was marginally deficient across all areas, with no significant differences (P > 0.05). Potassium levels were generally adequate, though significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) in Beatrice. Significant variability (P ≤ 0.05) was observed in other macro- and micronutrients. Calcium was acutely deficient in all areas, while magnesium was deficient in Trelawney and acutely deficient in Beatrice and Wedza. Zinc levels ranged from low to adequate. The marked spatial variability in soil nutrient status highlights the need for systematic soil mapping, revision of blanket fertilizer recommendations, and development of area-specific formulations addressing key deficiencies, particularly Ca and Mg. Site-specific nutrient management is essential to ameliorate soil acidity, improve nutrient use efficiency, and enhance tobacco yields and profitability.
Copyright (c) 2026 RHODA MAVUKA, NILTON MASHAVAKURE, GABRIEL SOROPA, BETTY MAWIRE, ARNOLD BRAY MASHINGAIDZE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This issue of the Journal of Technological Sciences presents six manuscripts that collectively demonstrate the breadth and interdisciplinary scope of contemporary research. The contributions span environmental modeling, food science and nutrition, biodiversity conservation, and natural product chemistry applications in agriculture, reflecting a strong commitment to addressing both regional and global challenges through applied research. The first study applies advanced geospatial techniques to analyze the impacts of urbanization on wetlands. It highlights how rapid urban expansion affects fragile ecosystems and emphasizes the value of predictive tools in promoting sustainable urban planning and environmental conservation. The second paper provides a systematic review of the use of dairy products as carriers of probiotics. It synthesizes current knowledge on functional foods and underscores the growing importance of probiotic-enriched dairy products in improving human health. The third manuscript addresses the urgent issue of elephants. By integrating environmental variables with spatial analysis, the study identifies key factors influencing poaching activities. The findings offer practical insights that can inform more effective and targeted conservation and anti poaching strategies. The fourth contribution explores the acaricidal potential of Cissus quadrangularis as a natural alternative for controlling cattle ticks. This research supports the development of eco-friendly and sustainable livestock management practices, reducing reliance on synthetic chemicals while enhancing animal health and productivity. The fifth paper investigates the proximate composition and functional properties of selected pearl millet and finger millet varieties. The study reinforces the nutritional and economic importance of these traditional grains. The sixth manuscript examines how farmers’ entrepreneurial competencies influence agricultural performance. In conclusion, this issue underscores the importance of integrating technological innovation with local knowledge systems to address key challenges in environmental sustainability, public health, and agriculture. The contributions reflect high scholarly standards, and appreciation is extended to both authors and reviewers. It is hoped that this collection will inspire further research, encourage interdisciplinary collaboration, and advance the field of sciences.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Stephen Nyoni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Editorial Note: Journal of Technological Sciences
It is my pleasure to welcome you to the first issue of the Journal of Technological Sciences for 2025. The journal continues to stick to its technological inclination. This issue covers four main domains, namely engineering sciences, mathematics and modelling, animal health and food security. The articles cover a balance between original research and reviewed work and bring to the fore exciting recent findings in the four scientific domains.
Copyright (c) 2025 Robert Musundire https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The effect of consuming a local Ready- to - Use Supplementary Food on human blood sugar concentration
Blood sugar may spike after meals and then stabilises as the sugars are converted to energy or fat. Bioactive phytochemicals, fibres, minerals, and proteins can stabilise blood glucose concentration. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of consuming a local Ready -to -Use Supplementary Food and a reference meal on postprandial blood glucose concentration, insulin concentration, and urine glucose concentration on 32 participants by using the Quantum Resonance Magnetic Analyser machine. The post meal blood glucose concentration was measured after one hour and two hours for group one that ate RUSF only, group two that consumed the reference meal plus the local RUSF, and group three that ate reference meal only. Satiety was rated using a 7-point rating scale. Data was analysed by Sigma Plot Version 12. There was no significant spike (p 0.05) in glucose concentration in all participants after two hours but there was a statistically significant rise (p0.05) in blood glucose levels one hour after meal treatments. The mean postprandial blood glucose concentrations were 5.50 ± 1.34 mmol/L for group one, 5.51 ± 1.34 mmol/L for group three, and 5.42 ± 1.78 mmol/L for group two respectively. Satiety was rated between two and four at base line testing and between five and seven after meal treatments. Mean Insulin and urine sugar levels changes were insignificant (p 0.05). The local Ready -to -Use Supplementary Food had low glycemic index due to bio-active compounds, proteins, and fibres which regulated the release of glucose into the blood stream and maintained the steady blood glucose concentration in participants. From this study, it was concluded that incorporation of the local Ready -to -Use Supplementary Food in routine diets could reduce spiking of postprandial blood glucose, insulin, and urine glucose levels, and maintain satiety for long hours in humans.
Copyright (c) 2025 A. Masheka, C.J. Zvidzai, A. Mpofu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Emerging trends on epidemiology of infectious coryza disease in Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe
Infectious coryza disease is an upper respiratory disease of avian species, commonly affecting chickens. It is caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum, a gram-negative bacterium. Infectious coryza poses a threat to the economy due to increased culling rates of infected chickens and a decrease in egg production of up to 40%. This study aimed to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of Infectious Coryza disease in Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe across seven districts from 2018- 2021, with a focus on disease prevalence and risk assessment. A retrospective method was used using a database obtained from the Central Veterinary Laboratory, which indicated infectious coryza disease cases in Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe. Data was examined using correlation analysis to determine the relationships between the total number of cases and deaths, and chi-square test to evaluate infectious coryza prevalence across districts .Prevalence of infectious coryza among districts was significant (p<0.05 )for the period of 2018 -2021.Low disease incidence was reported in 2018 across all the seven districts ;2019 had a peak increase of infectious coryza disease prevalence across all the districts with Zvimba district having cases above 2500.A weak correlation between total cases and deaths (co efficient 0.115 ), not statistically significant (p> 0.05), indicating other factors influencing the mortality rates. These findings highlight the need to improve management practices and vaccination programs in poultry production across Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe.
Copyright (c) 2025 Medeline Bhebhe, Fungayi Primrose Chatiza, Calvin Gomo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Exploring the potential of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grain meal as a supplement for diabetic patients in African diets
In the context of Africa's rich cultural and traditional practices in healthcare, this study explored the potential of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grain meal as a supplement for managing diabetes within African diets. Diabetes poses a significant health challenge in Africa, prompting the search for appropriate dietary interventions. Sweet sorghum, a versatile traditional African crop, possesses unique nutritional and phytochemical properties that may offer benefits for diabetes management. Through a thorough literature review of reputable sources, including PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and NCBI, this study examined sweet sorghum's glycemic index, impact on blood sugar levels, and influence of its high fibre content on blood sugar control and metabolism within the African diet context. Additionally, this study assessed the cultural acceptability and feasibility of incorporating sweet sorghum grain meal into conventional African recipes, considering its culinary adaptability and potential to enhance regional dietary customs. The findings of this study highlight the promising potential of sweet sorghum grain meal as a dietary supplement for managing diabetes within African diets, emphasizing its unique nutritional and phytochemical properties. Despite its promising attributes, challenges such as limited availability, processing, and preparation techniques were identified. By integrating existing evidence and considering the specifics of the African diet, this research elucidates the potential advantages of sweet sorghum grain meal as a dietary supplement in the fight against diabetes in Africa. This finding underscores the importance of evidence-based dietary recommendations and long-term diabetes management strategies tailored to African communities' cultural and nutritional contexts. This study recommends further research, community engagement, and legislative support to promote the adoption of sweet sorghum grain meal as a dietary supplement for managing diabetes in Africa, emphasizing the importance of evidence-based dietary recommendations tailored to African communities' cultural and nutritional contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abigarl Ndudzo, Hazel V. Munda, Ophias Mapako, Lenon Tembo, Moreblessing Dube https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Evaluation of Synchronization Protocols and Semen Quality Characteristics on Reproductive Efficiency and Fertility Outcomes in Zimbabwean Dairy Cattle Production.
This review addresses the technical challenges affecting the success rate of artificial insemination (AI) in dairy cattle, with a specific focus on heat synchronization protocols and semen quality for artificial insemination. Both heat synchronization and semen quality play significant roles in determining artificial insemination success rates. Furthermore, the influence of body condition score on reproductive performance and AI outcomes has been reviewed, particularly in dairy cattle in Zimbabwe. In Zimbabwe, artificial insemination success rates are notably low, particularly on communal farms, despite over 80% of the country's cattle population being located in the smallholder sector. A systematic literature review was conducted from January 2022 to January 2024 utilizing Google Scholar and PubMed to assess how heat synchronization protocols, semen quality, and body condition scores affect artificial insemination success, mainly in dairy cattle in Zimbabwe. The review also considered the impact of body condition scores on offspring sex determination. A total of 62 full articles were included, consisting of 45 research papers and 17 narrative reviews. In Zimbabwe, the demand for artificial insemination services has significantly risen over the past four years across both communal and commercial farms. However, many farmers are unaware of the factors influencing artificial insemination success. Various elements contribute to the low artificial insemination success rates in the country which are poor heat detection and timing, inseminator skill,animal healh and nutrition and semen handling technics. In conclusion, systematically identifying the factors that affect AI success in cattle can aid AI technicians and farmers in better understanding the animal requirements and technical procedures involved, fostering cooperation to enhance AI outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cornelius Dennis Magwede, Fungai Primrose Chatiza, Stanley Marshall Makuza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Mushroom fly pest incidence in four button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) production centres of Zimbabwe-An exploratory study
Mushroom fly pests are a serious deterrent to many wood-be button mushroom producers in Zimbabwe due to their yield and quality degrading damage. Mushroom fly ubiquity is exacerbated by conducive environmental factors, arguably the rampant food and fruit waste disposal in the environment. Although modest fly pest management methods are available, expensive methods are employed to contain pest spread and the subsequent damage they cause. The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate prevalence, infestation sources, damage, seasonal severity and control methods for mushroom fly pests on button mushroom farms in four production centres of the crop. A farmer survey was conducted using a postal questionnaire to farmer respondents using a mobile phone-integrated application. This study found that sciarid and phorid fly attack button mushroom crop starting at the early spawn running phase through to the second crop flush with rapid population build up if uncontrolled. The infestations were found to be high across four surveyed sites with greatest infestations coinciding with the rainy season. Mushroom fly incidence and the damage to button mushroom were not explained by location or farmer experience, making these two variables insignificant in constructing a predictive model for the resultant fly pest incidence or crop losses experienced. Hence production practices need to be re-evaluated to develop sustainable methods of managing mushroom fly incidence and novel methods such as fly repellents, baiting or manipulation of the mating mechanisms and overwintering disruption have to be explored. From this study we found three species of mushroom fly as significant button mushroom pests in the studied areas and hence appropriate pest management measures must be taken to protect the crop to enable good quality and yield. Such adopted pest management methods will go a long way in promoting and sustaining standard agro-ecological principles.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alec Mlambo, Lindokuhle Muda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Determination of functional groups and nutrients in a local ready- to -use supplementary food by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Development of new functional foods must ensure presence of adequate nutrients to mitigate acute malnutrition. This study consists of an innovative approach for simultaneous detection of chemical bonds and organic content such as carbohydrates, fibres, lipids, and proteins of a local Ready-to Use Supplementary Food (RUSF) by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and proximate analysis techniques. The RUSF was prepared by mixing peanut butter with soy bean oil into thin slurry. Icing sugar, baobab powder, extruded sorghum powder, and extruded soy meal powder were added into the peanut butter- soy bean oil slurry and thoroughly blended a the peanut butter making machine until a brown thick RUSF paste was produced. The RUSF was thoroughly mixed and a sample enough to cover the diamond crystal on the FTIR was placed onto the diamond crystal after zeroing the machine by scanning the air at mid-infrared region (4000-400 cm-1). Obtained experimental FTIR wave numbers and literature-based wave ranges were used to assign chemical bonds and identify nutrients in the local RUSF. The proximate analysis fat content by Analysis of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) Soxhlet method (AOAC, 2016), protein content using the VELPA SCIENTIFICA automatic distillation and titration system (Model UDK159), carbohydrate content through the carbohydrate by difference method (AOAC, 2004), and moisture by Adams analyser. FTIR analysis detected various different functional groups like amine groups, quinones, alcohols, aliphatic amines, alkanes, alkenes, alkyl halides, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, ketones, peroxides, nitro compounds, phenols, and triglycerides. Carbohydrates, fibres, lipids, proteins, and water were detected by both FTIR and proximate analysis. This research underscored the potential of FTIR spectroscopy and proximate analysis as tools for rapid assessment and identification of nutrients in food science. This study concluded that the RUSF contained nutrients that could reduce and manage malnutrition and non-communicable diseases.
Copyright (c) 2025 A Masheka, C.J. Zvidzai, A. Mpofu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Developments in Nuclear Energy Power Plants-A Review
The paper posits that nuclear energy is energy from the nucleus of atoms that binds neutrons and protons together and can be released by bombardment and can be exploited for electricity generation. The paper reviews literature on nuclear power plants and positions it as a viable substitute for replacing fossil fuel generation in order to avoid and avert emission of greenhouse gases which results in global warming and consequent climate change. The paper defines nuclear power and describes how nuclear power stations operate. The paper also describes the disadvantages and advantages of nuclear electricity generation. It compares nuclear power plants with fossil, solar and wind power plants. The paper says current nuclear power plants are mainly based on nuclear fission as nuclear fusion is still in experimental stage. Nuclear fission particularly of uranium-235 is a mature technology. If successful, nuclear fusion will provide electricity for thousands of years as nuclear fusion material are plenty whereas nuclear fission material is scarce, depletable and estimated to continue to last for the next 50 years only. The paper posits that nuclear power stations need less geographical space than solar or wind energy power stations per given MW output. The paper concludes by recommending nuclear power stations for countries like Zimbabwe with energy shortfalls.
Copyright (c) 2025 T.P. Munyanduri, T. Munyanduri, D. Musademba, E. Kapuya, C. Chihobo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Novel Analytical Technique of Estimating Whole Life Insurance Benefits Payable Multiple Times Per Period of Insurance
The deepest form of actuarial estimation problems remains the subject of classical life insurance methodologies. A life insurance contract provides the payment of a defined sum assured contingent upon the death of an insured life. Although in practice, death benefits is payable as soon as death claim is advised and the legal requirement is completed, it is necessary to examine death benefits which are paid at the end of policy anniversary of death, that is on the first policy anniversary of effecting the policy after death. When the frequency of payments of an mthly life insurance benefit scheme is infinite, the resulting life insurance function becomes continuously payable momentarily throughout the year so that the total annual payment is equivalent to 1. This admittedly artificial phenomenon has marked consequences in classical life contingency applications and at the same time important as an estimation of benefits payments made weekly or monthly in life insurance benefit program. Consequently, the approximation in the form most suitable for this purpose will be based on Bernoulli power series. In this paper, the objective is to construct analytical expressions for whole life insurance functions payable at different frequencies where the resulting expression represents an adjustment to the yearly formula. Unless an analytical expression for the survival function at age x is defined, approximation will be required to evaluate this expressions. From the results obtained, we confirm asymptotically that ( ) lim K x K → x = A A .
Copyright (c) 2025 Gbenga Michael Ogungbenle, Wipuni Sirisena, Chukwunenye Ukwu, Joshua Solomon Adeyele https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Linear Regression in the Spotlight: From Statistical Staple to Misused Tool
This article explores the application, assumptions, and frequent misuses of linear regression analysis in research, particularly within the business, social sciences and medical fields. While linear regression remains one of the most widely used and accessible statistical tools due to its simplicity and interpretability, it is often misapplied, especially when researchers overlook the foundational assumptions required for valid inferences. The paper reviews the key assumptions of linearity, normality, homoscedasticity, and independence of errors, and discusses the appropriate use of linear regression in descriptive, predictive, and causal research. Through a critical review of published studies and an empirical analysis of customer satisfaction data from Kaggle, the article identifies common violations, including the inappropriate modelling of discrete and ordinal dependent variables, unjustified covariate adjustments, and misinterpretation of regression coefficients. Residual plots and diagnostic tests further reveal that linear regression is frequently applied where it is not suitable, leading to misleading conclusions. The study concludes with practical recommendations to improve statistical literacy and rigor among researchers, emphasizing the importance of involving statisticians and aligning statistical instruction with domain-specific research contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Peter Chimwanda, Edwin Rupi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Editorial for the Journal of Technological Sciences Volume 2
Volume 2 of the edition of the Journal of Technological Sciences comes at a time of renewed growth and enthusiasm within the green production systems scientific discipline area. This is steered by the developments in increased interest in climate change research, Artificial Intelligence, and the promotion of utilization of data science in decision-making. These aspects are gradually shaping the research pathways within our local, regional, and institutional institutions. Collectively, these research foci are at the forefront of generating innovations, goods, and services that improve the standards of living in many societies through positive impacts on human health, food security, and better livelihoods income.
Copyright (c) 2024 Robert Musundire https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Design of an IoT based automatic pollution monitoring system
Urban areas are characterized by high population density and extreme air pollution due to mobile machines and industrial activities. Automobiles are one of the main sources of air pollution. The main aim of this research was to monitor the amount of vehicle emissions and ambient air pollution levels depending on vehicle density. This research also investigates cold start emissions from petrol vehicle engines. Design science research methodology was implemented in designing the monitoring system, compatible for both ambient and onboard emission monitoring. The system was designed with emission detection sensors installed on four locations of Chinhoyi urban to monitor ambient air pollution, and on vehicle exhaust tail pipes to monitor vehicle emissions. Highest average CO level (3.27ppm) was found in a location with highest vehicle density (33 vehicles at Location 2 (CHTMBusStop)). It was also observed that Location 1 (CHEMA) had higher vehicle density as compared to location in Chinhoyi urban. However, CO concentration (0.44ppm) at Location 1 (CHEMA) is lower than CO concentrations at locations in Chinhoyi town (0.56ppm and 0.98ppm at Location 3 (CCFCRobots) and Location 4 (CKERobots) respectively). This is attributed to the driving mode of vehicles in highway driving cycle and urban driving cycle. It was found that as vehicle density increased from 15 to 18, CO concentration also increased from 0.56ppm to 0.98ppm respectively. A location furthest from town (location 1) had the minimum CH4 concentration (2.57ppm), and as we move closer to town CBD CH4, concentrations increased significantly (5.94ppm, 7.52ppm and 57.34ppm at location 2, 3, and 4 (Chinhoyi town CBD) respectively). The average CO emission level from vehicle exhaust tailpipes found was 78.39ppm, which is not above the set limit of 90ppm for at most 15minutes. However, the maximum concentration of CO observed from exhaust tail pipes was 988.69ppm. Nissan Sylphy (engine capacity of 1,798cm3, engine model MRA8DE) without converter was found to emit more CO pollutants (279.97ppm) as compared to Toyota Alex2001 (engine of capacity 1496cm3) and Toyota Runx with engine capacity of 1497cm3 (58.57ppm and 20.91ppm respectively). The CO emission levels from vehicles with catalytic converter exist within Zimbabwean emission limits.
Copyright (c) 2024 Martin Masheka, Downmore Musademba, Engelbert Kapuya, Mercy Chinyuku, Shakemore Chinofunga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Advances in Heat Storage(HS) Schemes for Concentrated Solar Power Plants(CSPPs)–A Technical Paper
Climate change issues, depletiom of the ozone layer has prompted the development of CSP power plants which do not generate greenhouse gas emissions. The source of heat in CSPs is the infinite, abundant and sustainable renewable solar energy. CSPs replace the front end of fossil fueled power plants but retains the tried and tested backend i.e. power engine which is the same as in coal power stations. Solar energy is only available for a maximum of about 10 hours daily during which there is diurnal and seasonal variability and other factors like cloud cover, rain and humidity levels and hence the need for energy storage to enable 24 hour generation The paper intends to avail an exhaustive, comprehensive and detailed review of the technologies involved in heat energy storage schemes covered by literature comparing their advantages, disadvantages and economic viabilities. The paper goes on to dimenson and size the storage tanks for the various thermal energy storage technologies. This paper recommends tricoupled or tribridized energy storage schemes on a single CSP power plant e.g. (a) Sensible heat for night and day(diurnal storage or short term storage) (b) Latent heat for solar diurnal variability and cloud cover(medium term thermal energy storage) e.g. for weeks (c) Thermochemical for long term seasonal variability(seasonal heat storage)-long term storage e.g. months. All on a single power plant as an effective energy storage scheme! This paper recommends the use of more, stronger and more resliant materials for energy storage tanks such as insulated carbon steel or stainless steel of appropriate thickness to prevent mechanical yield failures due to volumetric expansive forces induced by heat of the storage material therein contained in storage tanks. Engineering material sciences theory and experiemental evidence will assist in the design of storage tanks that has the capacity to withstand stress and tensile forces due to volumetric thermal expansion of storage material. The technical paper identifies thermal energy storage materials for the three storage technologies.
Copyright (c) 2024 T.P. Munyanduri, D Musademba, E. Kapuya, Pius Agbulu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Systematic Investigation of Microwave Heating in Oxidised Platinum Group Metal Ores
Extraction of valuable Platinum Group Metals (PGM) in oxidised ores has been fraught with challenges due to their physio-chemical properties that hinder high/economic extraction rates. The aim of this study was to understand the potential of microwave heating to enhance mineral liberation in oxidized PGM ores (assumed to be represented by their respective metals) in microwave heating are studied using COMSOL Multiphysics computer simulations. The results showed that the ore constituents exhibited differential heating rates when mixed with a microwave absorbing additive, which is key to achieving thermal fracture within the ore to enhance mineral liberation. Also, an increase in microwave power resulted in an increase in the differential heating rate in the oxidized ores when an additive was present, suggesting that the presence of a microwave absorbing additive to the ores greatly improves the differential volumetric heating rate of oxidised ores. Of the elements tested, iron seems to have potential in increasing microwave heating in the oxidised ores when no additive is introduced. Copper was observed to be the one to first change state when heated thus giving a limit to the point at which the samples are heated. These findings suggest that microwave heating has the potential to be a viable technology for enhancing mineral liberation in oxidized PGM ores. Further research, such as A more detailed understanding of the size range of ore particles that are susceptible to differential heating at the micro-scale, is needed to optimize the microwave heating process and to develop new mineral processing techniques based on microwave heating. Overall, the study showed that microwave heating has the potential to be a versatile and effective technology for mineral liberation in oxidized PGM ores. Further research is needed to optimize the microwave heating process and to develop new mineral processing techniques based on microwave heating.
Copyright (c) 2024 Edmore Takunda Mushonga, Clemence Sumanya, Wilbert Mtangi, David Jambgwa Simbi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
COVID-19 spread regulator robot - An automatic robot that detects face mask, check human body temperature, and hand sanitizes people at entrance point
Aim - From 3 January 2020 to 6:19pm CEST on April 21, 2022, there were 247,336 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Zimbabwe, with 5,466 deaths, according to WHO. Despite the fact that there are remedies for illnesses and that our civilization has progressed by great strides, the most powerful and effective weapon society has against this virus, which affects not only health but also economy, politics, and social order, is the prevention of its spread. This research aims at developing an automatic robot system that enforce minimum spread of the virus by checking body temperature, hand sanitizing people, and check proper wearing of face masks before giving people access to restricted premises. Subjects and methods – The research made use of ultrasonic sensor for hand object detection, MLX90614 sensor for contactless temperature checking, submissible pump to dispense hand sanitizer, and solenoid lock for automatic locking and unlocking of the entrance. This research has built a python model that detects the presents and proper wearing of face masks using MobileNetV2 algorithm and implement the model using OpenCV. The model was implemented in the bigger hardware system. Temperature sensor was calibrated using normal contactless temperature sensors used in public. Results – Hand object detection was successfully achieved with 100%, temperature checking was successful with a variance of +/-5 degrees Celsius, sanitizer dispenser worked 100% correct, and auto un/locking was also 100% accurately functional while the face mask detection model had 98% for accuracy, F1-score, precision and recall. In actual functionality of the system, the model could correctly detect proper wearing of face masks for 90 people in a total of 100 people. Conclusion – Therefore, the model proved to be fully functional with high accuracy score as compared to others that make use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). The model could also be implemented for full functionality in a robotic system that works with zero human intervention. The system benefit communities and organizations attempting to limit the spread of COVID-19 because the control will be done by machines, putting personnel at a lower risk than personally inspecting people at access points.
Copyright (c) 2024 Martin Masheka, Hosia Muchingami, Andrew Sama, Kudakwashe Mapfumo, Shakemore Chinofunga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Determinants of Economic Growth for SADC Nations: A Fixed Effects Approach
In order to accurately forecast economic growth, it is important that growth determinants are identified. However Africa and Southern African Development Community (SADC) region in particular have not identified any determinants of economic growth that are peculiar to the SADC region. In this study determinants of economic growth are gathered and evaluated for sixteen SADC countries for twenty two years (2000 to 2021), that dictates use of panel data analysis, whereas panel data may have group effects, time effects or both. Data is taken from various sources but mainly the World Bank website for different SADC countries contributing in the world economy. In this article, the comparison of ordinary least squares (OLS) model and fixed effects models (FEM) for SADC nations’ panel data were carried out. F-test was used as a specification test to make a selection between OLS model and fixed effects model. A fixed effects model with an adjusted R2 value of 98% which is very plausible was realised to be the best model to handle the SADC community economic data.
Copyright (c) 2024 Thomas Musora, Florence Matarise https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Multilevel Approach to Measuring Revenue Collection Efficiency in Local Governments.
Urban local governments of Zimbabwe are owed billions of dollars by citizens. This inability, by the local authorities, to collect revenue from citizens has resulted in poor service delivery.This research, measures the efficiency levels of urban local governments of Zimbabwe in collecting revenue from given sources using four frontier models. The main objective of the research is to establish the efficiency levels of urban local authorities of Zimbabwe using a proposed multilevel stochastic frontier. Tied data with two levels, the source and the municipality, is collected from a sample of urban local authorities. The data is analysed and the results show that the proposed multilevel model generates efficiency levels that are significantly higher than those of any of the other three models.
Copyright (c) 2024 Peter Chimwanda, Philimon Nyamugure, Precious Mdlongwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Natural mating versus artificial insemination on reproductive performance of cattle in Zimbabwe’s smallholder sector: A review
Effects of the natural mating and the artificial insemination breeding methods were reviewed. Breeding methods have significant impact on cattle reproductive performance in the smallholder sector livestock production sector. In Zimbabwe, over 80% of cattle population is found in the smallholder sector. Cattle production in smallholder sector is characterised by poor reproductive performance due to several reasons, among them the breeding method. A comprehensive systematic literature review search was conducted from August 2021 to July 2022 using search engines Google Scholar and EBSCO host to explore the impacts of different breeding methods used in smallholder sector of Zimbabwe. Fifty-seven full text articles met the inclusion criteria. Forty-one of the articles were research papers and sixteen were narrative reviews. The most common breeding method, the natural mating method, is easier for farmers but badly affected by communal system of grazing and limited number and diversity of bulls available. The alternative artificial insemination method is used by limited number of farmers due to lack of knowledge, skill and resources. Both methods of mating explored have their own advantages and disadvantages. The central problem to using the natural mating method is inbreeding. Inbreeding leads to a multitude of other problems all leading to poor reproductive performance. It was concluded that systematic revealing of problems and sequential chronicling of advantages can help farmers understand each of the two methods for better implementation and decision making on each method.
Copyright (c) 2024 Recent Dzivakwi Rashidi, Stanley Marshall Makuza, Chrispen Murungweni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Use of ethnoveterinary medicines for poultry health management in Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) countries: A review
Poultry emerges as the most efficient livestock sub-sector in its use of natural resources and providing protein to supply a global growing demand. Farmers have indigenous methods to treat diseases using medicinal plants through indigenous knowledge systems. The application of indigenous knowledge to treat animal diseases is known as ethnoveterinary medicine. This review aims to document medicinal plants that are used for treating poultry diseases in SADC countries and acts as a baseline for future research in chemical analysis, drug development and conservation studies. Small scale poultry farmers in SADC countries face many challenges in the improvement of the poultry sector which include health management, lack of knowledge and extension services, poor marketing strategies, expensive vaccines and conventional drugs among others. However, there are opportunities to boosting the poultry sector in the region if only some government policies can be reviewed to support the poultry industry. SADC has a vast indigenous knowledge of plants that are effective in managing poultry health. Detailed research is needed to standardize the safety, efficacy, frequency of treatment, concentrations and dosage forms of such remedies.
Copyright (c) 2024 Vimbai Gobvu, Xavier Poshiwa, Mudadi Albert Benhura https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The design of an automated CO emission control system for automobiles using activated carbon.
Air pollution has been found to be so hazardous to human health and life, ecosystem and infrastructure. One of the main contributors to air pollution is transportation. The aim of this research was to design an automated emission control system for automobiles. Four design frameworks were made and the one with three emission control technologies (Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), Exhaust Gas Collection Tank (EGCT) and catalytic converters) had the highest score of 300.70. However, in this research, a system focused on controlling cold start emissions using activated carbon as an adsorbent for carbon monoxide (CO) was implemented. It was found that activated carbon can reduce CO pollutants by an average CO reduction percentage of 6.28% when 96.88g of activated carbon was applied at an average temperature of 34.75℃. However, applying activated carbon was found to reduce temperature by an average temperature reduction of 11.66℃. This was achieved through an algorithm that was designed to control exhaust gas flow and implemented using AT mega 2560 microcontroller, MQ7 sensors, LM35 temperature sensors, stepper motors and butterfly valves. MQ7 sensors were used for CO detection. However, ceria-based sensors could be used to increase the scope of temperatures and redirect exhaust gases to activated carbon whenever high emission is detected.
Copyright (c) 2022 Masheka at al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Poultry endogenous biosurfactants based feed additive, a potential counter to Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) challenge
Biosurfactants are amphiphilic microbial secretions containing surface-active biomolecules produced on living surfaces, such as microbial cell surfaces or extracellular surfaces. They possess a variety of characteristics that enable secreting microorganisms to withstand a variety of stressful situations, allowing them to conquer a variety of habitats. Biosurfactants also allow secreting microorganisms to destabilize other bacteria in competition for clinging surfaces, habitats, and substrates, ensuring their survival. Periods of extreme stress are unavoidable in birds, resulting in dysbacteriosis and the production of biofilms by less helpful bacteria. This stressful environment causes a broiler's feed utilization efficiency and immunity to be weakened, increasing the risk of coccidiosis. Farmers utilize a number of antimicrobial treatments to combat decreased immunity and performance, which could lead to drug residue in meat and other poultry products. Residual drugs will exacerbate antimicrobial drug resistance (AMR), which is believed to be around 60% in Zimbabwean cities. The researchers were inspired to look into endogenous biosurfactants after learning about the interesting properties of bacterial metabolites. A desk top study was carried out primarily employing sources to uncover the potential of biosurfactants in the twenty-first century. Many researchers were found to be employing exogenous microorganisms, and the majority of their studies were aimed at cleaning up polluted places. Biosurfactants have a number of features that are relevant to agriculture. Less study has been done on the advantages of endogenous biosurfactants. Biosurfactants are secreted by a variety of microorganisms, primarily bacteria. It is necessary to identify biosurfactant-secreting microbial species and describe their microbial secretions. For the poultry sector, a biosurfactant-based feed supplement can be developed to help combat antimicrobial resistance.
Copyright (c) 2022 Chigede et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Modelling of hourly solar radiation collected on a tilted surface at Banket in Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe for optimum design of off-grid solar systems.
Off-grid solar systems have become the most viable means of bringing electricity to sparsely populated rural communities of sub-Saharan Africa. This mostly because of the sharply falling prices of solar equipment and the maturity of the technology. The solar systems are also modular thus can be deployed at variety capacities for different applications. Zimbabwe has abundance solar resources ubiquitously spread country over. The design of the systems has however, been based on average country radiation which usually under-estimate or overestimate the insolation at a given site. This therefore affects the sizing of the systems and thus the cost. Also for off-grid systems it is not economical to carryout data collection of at least a year, which is another way to get accurate data. This study resorted to satellite data available on a freely accessible EU site as Typical Meteorological Year Data of 2009 downloaded using the Banket coordinates. The TMY data was used as the input to the model where, radiation data was input into the mathematical model of the tilted plane by Collares-Perreira and Rabl of 1996. Feeding the horizontal, beam and diffuse radiation data plus the ambient temperature into mathematical models resulted in the calculation of the solar radiation that can be received on a plane tilted at an angle equal to the latitude of the place. The data plotted for the whole year is a closer representative of the distribution of radiation received at the site for the whole year and thus reliable input to the design of off-grid solar systems as literature can confirm.
Copyright (c) 2022 Kavu et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0