Development versus Heritage: Evaluating the effectiveness of Archaeological Impact Assessments in Zimbabwe

Abstract

In Zimbabwe, archaeological heritage is facing increasing threats from infrastructure development such as mining, agriculture, and climate change. Archaeological Impact Assessments play a crucial role in managing these threats by verifying that development projects take into account cultural heritage before they disturb the ground. Despite this, the impact of AIAs in Zimbabwe is still being studied, with a focus on their implementation, enforcement, and long-term sustainability. This research examines the success of AIA projects in Zimbabwe, exploring their potential to safeguard cultural heritage while also accommodating socio-economic development demands. The research takes a qualitative research approach utilising surveys and in-depth interviews with key stakeholders including archaeologists, heritage managers, Environmental Management Agency personnel and developers. Recent AIAs involving mining concessions, road expansion, dam construction, or other projects are case-studied to determine compliance levels and stakeholder engagement. Additionally, the success of mitigation is evaluated through these factors. The research reveals that while AIAs are legally obligated, the execution is not consistent as certain projects are fully in compliance with heritage protection regulations, while others proceed with little or no oversight and result in irreversible damage. The study also highlights the challenge of ensuring sustainable cultural heritage management in areas where sites are often overlooked. The research reveals that indigenous knowledge’s potential for site interpretation and preservation in Zimbabwe is hindered by limited community involvement in Archaeological Impact Assessments, underscoring the need for more inclusive approaches that leverage local expertise and promote community-driven initiatives. The study suggests that enhancing AIA frameworks can improve preservation of heritage without impeding development. Some suggestions include incorporating AIAs earlier in project planning, using digital documentation techniques and encouraging multi-stakeholder cooperation. By critically examining Zimbabwe’s AIA system, this research contributes to international debates on sustainable heritage governance and provides practical strategies for harmonizing cultural preservation with national development goals.